Ellsworth Raymond “Bumpy” Johnson was a prominent figure in Harlem’s underworld during much of the 20th century. Operating primarily from the 1930s through the 1960s, he gained notoriety for his involvement in numbers running, a then-illegal lottery, and other criminal activities. His influence extended beyond illicit enterprises, as he also became known for his philanthropy and community involvement, often using his ill-gotten gains to support local initiatives and provide for Harlem residents.
Johnson’s life and career offer a complex and nuanced look at organized crime in Harlem during a period of significant social and political change. His story intertwines with the struggles and triumphs of the African American community, highlighting the limited economic opportunities available to many, which sometimes led to involvement in illegal activities. He is often depicted as a shrewd and ruthless operator who navigated the treacherous landscape of the criminal underworld while also cultivating a Robin Hood-esque image by investing in his community. His legacy remains a subject of debate, with some viewing him as a criminal and others as a folk hero.